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This flowchart provides a very practical, systematic approach to diagnosing polyuria (excessive urination). To make this easier to digest, I’ve broken down the logic into a structured summary. 🏥 Diagnostic Pathway for Polyuria 1. Confirm True Polyuria The first step is a 24-hour urine collection.  * True Polyuria: > 3 L/day.  * Pseudo-polyuria: If the volume is normal, the issue is likely frequency or urgency (often caused by UTIs, BPH, or anxiety) rather than volume. 2. Rule Out Common External Factors Before doing deep metabolic dives, check for the "big two":  * Diabetes Mellitus: Check blood glucose first. High glucose leads to osmotic diuresis (sugar pulling water into the urine).  * Substances: Review use of diuretics, lithium, caffeine, or alcohol. 3. Basic Metabolic Screening Order blood tests to look for electrolyte imbalances or organ dysfunction:  * Hypercalcemia or Hypokalemia (high calcium or low potassium).  * Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):...

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This infographic provides a clear breakdown of medications used for Refractory Constipation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation (IBS-C). These are typically "second-line" treatments prescribed when lifestyle changes and standard over-the-counter laxatives haven't done the trick. Here is a summary of how these different drug classes work to get things moving: 1. Secretagogues (Fluid Boosters) These medications focus on increasing the amount of fluid in your intestines, which softens the stool and makes it easier to pass.  * Lubiprostone: Acts as a Chloride (Cl^-) Channel Activator. By opening these channels, it pulls chloride into the gut, and water naturally follows.  * Linaclotide / Plecanatide: These are Guanylate Cyclase-C Agonists. They increase levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which both increases fluid secretion and speeds up how fast food moves through the colon (transit time). 2. Prokinetic Agents Instead of just adding water, these focu...